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Nonfiction

Living Words: An Introduction to Five Contemporary Mapuche Texts

By Elisa Taber & Liliana Ancalao
Translated from Spanish by Elisa Taber
Liliana Ancalao and Elisa Taber discuss the genocide of the Mapuche people, and how Mapuche writing both stitches together that open wound and recognizes the historical and cultural continuity of this people.
Portraits of Elisa Taber and Liliana Ancalao
Elisa Taber (left) and Liliana Ancalao (right)

I, Elisa Taber, interviewed Liliana Ancalao via email between May and July 2022. This interview is the culmination of multiple informal conversations on Zoom during the span of a year, while we coedited this Mapuche lyric essay issue for Words Without Borders.

I hope you, the readers, will undo the violence writing and translation inflict on speech in another language by falling into silent reverie before the weight and beauty of Liliana’s words. The thread that runs through Liliana’s, Elicura Chihuailaf’s, Adriana Paredes Pinda’s, Daniela Catrileo’s, and Jaime Huenún’s words stitches together the open wound that is the genocide of the Mapuche people, which, as Liliana puts it, “neither the official history nor those enriched by the spoils have taken responsibility for.”

We met in person for the first time at Jorge Newbery Airfield on August 27, 2022. Our hair color gave us away; hers is silver and mine is copper. Liliana was traveling from Resistencia, where she attended the 27th International Forum for Fostering Literature and Reading, to Comodoro Rivadavia, where she lives. It was a beautiful “in person” encounter during which words came and went—living words.


Elisa Taber (ET): Do the writings we gathered overflow the lyric essay genre and, more broadly, the discipline of literature? Is this overflow born out of a form of writing that grew alongside the orality of the ancients?

Liliana Ancalao (LA): Some of the texts we selected approach what we could define as an essay according to Western categories, others are poems or lyric prose, and some are more lyrical than others.

We, the selected authors, are poets, insubordinates, part of a people that problematizes cultural impositions, including literary genres. I prefer to define these texts as writings by people “of great foresight,” borrowing Jaime Huenún’s expression in “Reductions.” That definition can contain every piece in this issue.

We think our writings into being today. Our reflections revolve around poetry, which is an asking after oneself, who one is within a people, its language, its existence today. Who one is within a territory and the diversity of its lives.

What we write is sustained in our küpalme, our familial origin, our relatives who we name insistently. We include our writing professors in this küpalme.

What we write is sustained in our tuwün, our territorial origin, our equals in existence who we name insistently: the rivers, the trees, the birds, the stones.

 

ET: “I Write to Purge This Memory,” published in this issue of Words Without Borders, is an account of why you write, and “The Silenced Language,” published in Latin American Literature Today, is a history of Mapudungun linguistic colonization.

In this issue, the contributors approach writing between languages differently: you and Elicura Chihuailaf wrote in Spanish and self-translated into Mapudungun, Adriana Paredes Pinda alternated between writing in Spanish and Mapudungun, and Daniela Catrileo and Jaime Huenún wrote in Spanish.

How does this history of linguistic colonization influence the form and content of your writings and that of the other contributors? Does literary translation become cultural translation as you write between an Indigenous linguistic world (Mapudungun) and a colonial linguistic world (Spanish)? And what do the Mapudungun terms left untranslated in all five texts signal about the limits of linguistic colonization?

LA: Translating an Indigenous world into a colonial one is a monumental task; it’s a task we’ve been carrying out since long before academics spoke of decolonization. First, we reencounter ourselves (which is akin to decolonizing ourselves). A journey back to the origin implies, among other things, reexamining our cultural history and continuing to ask ourselves which objects, existences, concepts were imposed on our people and which ones were welcomed through exchange with others.

It also implies showing “deep” (borrowing Elicura Chihuailaf’s term for those challenged by their own humanism) Argentina and Chile our open wound: the genocide that neither the official history nor those enriched by the spoils have taken responsibility for, adding insult to injury by continuing to conceal it to this day.

Because, what dialogue between equals, which is also a form of translation, can prosper between peoples and cultures when what needs to be discussed is not discussed?

Our way of seeing the world is of the Southern hemisphere, a world experienced and named from this place, which is the beginning of our world. Knowledge of this world was subtitled, censored, and substituted by another knowledge, coming from the Northern hemisphere, foreign to this territory. That is how I express it in the essay you reference, “The Silenced Language.”

In Mapudungun, the language of the earth, lies our knowledge, the Mapuche kimün. The kuifi kimün and the we kimün, the ancient knowledge and the new knowledge. We, as writers, contribute to the latter when we risk using signifiers from our contemporaneity, when we redefine concepts.

There is no refusal to translate what we write in Spanish into Mapudungun; many Mapuche writers carry the tremendous wound of not knowing our maternal/paternal language because we were denied that inheritance. Though we also are part of a people that makes great efforts to revitalize it.

In the pieces we feature in this issue, the circumstances of translation differ in relation, I believe, to authorial style, to the dominion one has or acquires of Mapudungun, to the decisions taken in one’s writing trajectory.

It’s interesting to stop and dwell on the writing in Spanish, or its translation into English: when a word or phrase in Mapudungun appears, it’s due to the difficulty or complexity of its translation, and to the quite probable need for cultural translation. In general, the word or phrase in Mapudungun precedes an essayed approximation that is comprehensible to the Western world, but it is merely that: an approximation.

In some texts, the author’s own knowledge of the Mapuche world is explicitly stated. The result is poetic, and at the same time a wink to those of us who recognize what it references.

Some cultural Mapuche concepts have been widely disseminated for years, among our people and others, such as the Itxofill mogen, the diversity of existences, which you’ll also find in these texts.

 

ET: What you said about poetry and untranslatable concepts leads me to understand the selected texts as conceptual poems. Regarding concepts, they share another way of understanding the world and correcting history. Regarding poetry, they share the possibility of inhabiting another world, that of mystery, that of what cannot be understood but can be poeticized and mythologized. Why are the worlds of poetry and philosophy woven together? How are writers transformed by their writings, and how do they seek to transform readers? How does poetry, the sensibility that teaches you to listen and respect silence and mystery, help you live?

LA: We write from an “us,” as part of a people, and we write as contemporaries to humanity.

On the journey back to the origin, we recover, from diverse sources, some of the ancient knowledge (much, perhaps, will remain unknowable). We listen to the recent memories that still circulate through orality. And we live the current processes of resistance against the advancement over our territories. Carrying this burden and treasure, we write. Risking the criticism of the “purists” among our people, as machi Pinda puts it.

There’s a joint attempt to understand why we don’t know what we should know, why we’re sick, why we have to explain our existence today. Both we and the others are our readers. We transform as we write, because ours is a writing tied to identity, and our personal identity processes are recorded in our works.

And, especially, texts with “great foresight,” like those we selected for this issue, intend to transform the reader, to make the reader aware of us, of our historical and cultural continuity.

No silence or mystery, at least in these texts, cannot be elucidated through an approach toward learning about our culture. And our narratives are not myths or legends—they are “gutxam” stories that surge in conversation, testimonies of what’s lived.

I find that the Mapuche kimün is bound to ancient Western philosophy, the one considered mother of all the sciences. Because there is a relationship and interdependence between Knowledge of Oneself, Health, Spirituality, Coexistence with All Beings, Respect for the Forces of Nature.

I hope our writings will be lawen, will help heal our wound.

 

ET: How is the Mapuche kimün treasure protected yet shared?

LA: From the Puel side of the state—in other words, from Argentina—there is no safeguard of the Mapuche kimün insofar as the elderly carriers of knowledge are unprotected. Perhaps recognition accompanied by financial aid would permit the kimche or sages to devote themselves to the task of cultural transmission in contemporary contexts.

Knowledge currently circulates within families and expands its circle through spiritual ceremonies such as Gillatun or Kamarikum. Participation in said ceremonies is not open—one must be invited. This is a safeguard to protect the spiritual health of the ceremony owners.

I believe that human beings exist as part of the web of nature, and that this important lesson has already been imparted not just by the Mapuche people, but by all surviving Indigenous peoples.

 

ET: What forms of resistance prevent cultural appropriation?

LA: The greatest cultural resistance is to defend our continued subsistence off our territories, in the places of quotidian coexistence with the sacred, with the Forces of Nature. The roads between the country and the city are vessels of communication that we continue traversing, connecting one space with the other.

 

ET: Linguistic hybridization has been instrumentalized by “indigenismo”1 to reproduce colonial paradigms. How does Mapuche writing subvert this process?

LA: Writing in Indigenous languages, adopting the Western grapheme, publishing bilingual texts in the maternal/paternal language and in the imposed language are all revolutionary ways of practicing our contemporaneity, and I refer here to the actions of writers from the various Indigenous peoples of Abya Yala.

The molds that museums and official historical discourse propose for us are so unfit that they presume us dead.

Our historicity, which gathers ancestral and recent memories, our presence in cities, our denunciation of the silencing of our language, the processes of Mapudungun revitalization that we have embarked on; all this is the content we, the Mapuche, write about from who we are. And it is not that we set out to break stereotypes, it is that life always overflows.

 

ET: In “Letters Drawn from Foye Bark,” Adriana Paredes Pinda mentions that “Poetry has ngen.” She defines ngen as “the principle (master/mistress) of self-balance and self-preservation, which allows for all things to exist.” How does ngen possess poetry or, more broadly, how do such concepts and their spiritual connotations influence writers, and how does their writing, in turn, alter the ways of understanding and being in the world of its readers? Is poetry a faith—faith that words have souls, souls who protect life?

LA: Sometimes, only a few times, while immersed in the writing process, I enter a trance state—it is a depth I reach by gathering written words in a phrase, grasping an idea, an emotion, a feeling.

Then, I can think there is something new, something that can change the readers, that they won’t emerge immune.

All of us for whom words are the material of art have faith in the soul of language.

I think metaphorically about the souls of written words, but as I have participated in readings in which writers read their texts aloud in their Indigenous languages, I have listened to the souls of their languages in those small gusts, in the breath that emits those words, in the cadence and rhythm of their saying. The sounds of the soul in the language of each poet.

The texts gathered here share a faith, above all, in the heard language, the words pronounced by the beloved ancestors that are now the material of writing.

In Recado confidencial a los chilenos (Message to Chileans), Elicura Chihuailaf writes, “el impulso constante de la Palabra intentando asir lo hasta ahora innombrado” (the Word’s constant impulse to grasp what is to this day unnamed). Faith in Kallfü or Blue, which the poet insists on in the text selected for this issue, as in all his creations, supplies that word with a sacredness that helps grasp the unnamable.

Adriana Paredes Pinda’s disquieting text admits us into a dimension in which she receives a dream name and the mandate to write. In the context of that dimension, she risks writing this statement: “Poetry has ngen, song has ngen, Mapuche writing has ngen (…) And it has ngen because it is writing with spirit.”

“I write for the children who had the Mapudungun silenced in their mouths in civilizing, evangelical schools,” I denounced with faith while reading in silence and out loud, from my limited condition as a human being because I’m not ñamko nor nawuel, sent from another dimension to help my people.

“I heard it, because of that I became knowledgeable.” Daniela Catrileo rescues these words by Kallfün when she stresses the names of the Mapuche authors previously considered “informants” by social scientists who stripped their knowledge of authorship.

“I remember out loud the names / of the places where my grandparents lived,” beautiful names whose sonority is prompted by Jaime Huenún when he evokes his grandmother’s sayings and says to himself, “I must go.”


1. Indigenismo is a cyclical movement that seeks to constitute a heterogenous yet singular Latin American canon. Indigenous peoples are assimilated as component and foundation of a national and continental identity, thus reflecting cultural heterogeneity while reproducing colonial paradigms.


Copyright © 2023 by Elisa Taber and Liliana Ancalao. Translation © 2023 by Elisa Taber. All rights reserved.

English Spanish (Original)

I, Elisa Taber, interviewed Liliana Ancalao via email between May and July 2022. This interview is the culmination of multiple informal conversations on Zoom during the span of a year, while we coedited this Mapuche lyric essay issue for Words Without Borders.

I hope you, the readers, will undo the violence writing and translation inflict on speech in another language by falling into silent reverie before the weight and beauty of Liliana’s words. The thread that runs through Liliana’s, Elicura Chihuailaf’s, Adriana Paredes Pinda’s, Daniela Catrileo’s, and Jaime Huenún’s words stitches together the open wound that is the genocide of the Mapuche people, which, as Liliana puts it, “neither the official history nor those enriched by the spoils have taken responsibility for.”

We met in person for the first time at Jorge Newbery Airfield on August 27, 2022. Our hair color gave us away; hers is silver and mine is copper. Liliana was traveling from Resistencia, where she attended the 27th International Forum for Fostering Literature and Reading, to Comodoro Rivadavia, where she lives. It was a beautiful “in person” encounter during which words came and went—living words.


Elisa Taber (ET): Do the writings we gathered overflow the lyric essay genre and, more broadly, the discipline of literature? Is this overflow born out of a form of writing that grew alongside the orality of the ancients?

Liliana Ancalao (LA): Some of the texts we selected approach what we could define as an essay according to Western categories, others are poems or lyric prose, and some are more lyrical than others.

We, the selected authors, are poets, insubordinates, part of a people that problematizes cultural impositions, including literary genres. I prefer to define these texts as writings by people “of great foresight,” borrowing Jaime Huenún’s expression in “Reductions.” That definition can contain every piece in this issue.

We think our writings into being today. Our reflections revolve around poetry, which is an asking after oneself, who one is within a people, its language, its existence today. Who one is within a territory and the diversity of its lives.

What we write is sustained in our küpalme, our familial origin, our relatives who we name insistently. We include our writing professors in this küpalme.

What we write is sustained in our tuwün, our territorial origin, our equals in existence who we name insistently: the rivers, the trees, the birds, the stones.

 

ET: “I Write to Purge This Memory,” published in this issue of Words Without Borders, is an account of why you write, and “The Silenced Language,” published in Latin American Literature Today, is a history of Mapudungun linguistic colonization.

In this issue, the contributors approach writing between languages differently: you and Elicura Chihuailaf wrote in Spanish and self-translated into Mapudungun, Adriana Paredes Pinda alternated between writing in Spanish and Mapudungun, and Daniela Catrileo and Jaime Huenún wrote in Spanish.

How does this history of linguistic colonization influence the form and content of your writings and that of the other contributors? Does literary translation become cultural translation as you write between an Indigenous linguistic world (Mapudungun) and a colonial linguistic world (Spanish)? And what do the Mapudungun terms left untranslated in all five texts signal about the limits of linguistic colonization?

LA: Translating an Indigenous world into a colonial one is a monumental task; it’s a task we’ve been carrying out since long before academics spoke of decolonization. First, we reencounter ourselves (which is akin to decolonizing ourselves). A journey back to the origin implies, among other things, reexamining our cultural history and continuing to ask ourselves which objects, existences, concepts were imposed on our people and which ones were welcomed through exchange with others.

It also implies showing “deep” (borrowing Elicura Chihuailaf’s term for those challenged by their own humanism) Argentina and Chile our open wound: the genocide that neither the official history nor those enriched by the spoils have taken responsibility for, adding insult to injury by continuing to conceal it to this day.

Because, what dialogue between equals, which is also a form of translation, can prosper between peoples and cultures when what needs to be discussed is not discussed?

Our way of seeing the world is of the Southern hemisphere, a world experienced and named from this place, which is the beginning of our world. Knowledge of this world was subtitled, censored, and substituted by another knowledge, coming from the Northern hemisphere, foreign to this territory. That is how I express it in the essay you reference, “The Silenced Language.”

In Mapudungun, the language of the earth, lies our knowledge, the Mapuche kimün. The kuifi kimün and the we kimün, the ancient knowledge and the new knowledge. We, as writers, contribute to the latter when we risk using signifiers from our contemporaneity, when we redefine concepts.

There is no refusal to translate what we write in Spanish into Mapudungun; many Mapuche writers carry the tremendous wound of not knowing our maternal/paternal language because we were denied that inheritance. Though we also are part of a people that makes great efforts to revitalize it.

In the pieces we feature in this issue, the circumstances of translation differ in relation, I believe, to authorial style, to the dominion one has or acquires of Mapudungun, to the decisions taken in one’s writing trajectory.

It’s interesting to stop and dwell on the writing in Spanish, or its translation into English: when a word or phrase in Mapudungun appears, it’s due to the difficulty or complexity of its translation, and to the quite probable need for cultural translation. In general, the word or phrase in Mapudungun precedes an essayed approximation that is comprehensible to the Western world, but it is merely that: an approximation.

In some texts, the author’s own knowledge of the Mapuche world is explicitly stated. The result is poetic, and at the same time a wink to those of us who recognize what it references.

Some cultural Mapuche concepts have been widely disseminated for years, among our people and others, such as the Itxofill mogen, the diversity of existences, which you’ll also find in these texts.

 

ET: What you said about poetry and untranslatable concepts leads me to understand the selected texts as conceptual poems. Regarding concepts, they share another way of understanding the world and correcting history. Regarding poetry, they share the possibility of inhabiting another world, that of mystery, that of what cannot be understood but can be poeticized and mythologized. Why are the worlds of poetry and philosophy woven together? How are writers transformed by their writings, and how do they seek to transform readers? How does poetry, the sensibility that teaches you to listen and respect silence and mystery, help you live?

LA: We write from an “us,” as part of a people, and we write as contemporaries to humanity.

On the journey back to the origin, we recover, from diverse sources, some of the ancient knowledge (much, perhaps, will remain unknowable). We listen to the recent memories that still circulate through orality. And we live the current processes of resistance against the advancement over our territories. Carrying this burden and treasure, we write. Risking the criticism of the “purists” among our people, as machi Pinda puts it.

There’s a joint attempt to understand why we don’t know what we should know, why we’re sick, why we have to explain our existence today. Both we and the others are our readers. We transform as we write, because ours is a writing tied to identity, and our personal identity processes are recorded in our works.

And, especially, texts with “great foresight,” like those we selected for this issue, intend to transform the reader, to make the reader aware of us, of our historical and cultural continuity.

No silence or mystery, at least in these texts, cannot be elucidated through an approach toward learning about our culture. And our narratives are not myths or legends—they are “gutxam” stories that surge in conversation, testimonies of what’s lived.

I find that the Mapuche kimün is bound to ancient Western philosophy, the one considered mother of all the sciences. Because there is a relationship and interdependence between Knowledge of Oneself, Health, Spirituality, Coexistence with All Beings, Respect for the Forces of Nature.

I hope our writings will be lawen, will help heal our wound.

 

ET: How is the Mapuche kimün treasure protected yet shared?

LA: From the Puel side of the state—in other words, from Argentina—there is no safeguard of the Mapuche kimün insofar as the elderly carriers of knowledge are unprotected. Perhaps recognition accompanied by financial aid would permit the kimche or sages to devote themselves to the task of cultural transmission in contemporary contexts.

Knowledge currently circulates within families and expands its circle through spiritual ceremonies such as Gillatun or Kamarikum. Participation in said ceremonies is not open—one must be invited. This is a safeguard to protect the spiritual health of the ceremony owners.

I believe that human beings exist as part of the web of nature, and that this important lesson has already been imparted not just by the Mapuche people, but by all surviving Indigenous peoples.

 

ET: What forms of resistance prevent cultural appropriation?

LA: The greatest cultural resistance is to defend our continued subsistence off our territories, in the places of quotidian coexistence with the sacred, with the Forces of Nature. The roads between the country and the city are vessels of communication that we continue traversing, connecting one space with the other.

 

ET: Linguistic hybridization has been instrumentalized by “indigenismo”1 to reproduce colonial paradigms. How does Mapuche writing subvert this process?

LA: Writing in Indigenous languages, adopting the Western grapheme, publishing bilingual texts in the maternal/paternal language and in the imposed language are all revolutionary ways of practicing our contemporaneity, and I refer here to the actions of writers from the various Indigenous peoples of Abya Yala.

The molds that museums and official historical discourse propose for us are so unfit that they presume us dead.

Our historicity, which gathers ancestral and recent memories, our presence in cities, our denunciation of the silencing of our language, the processes of Mapudungun revitalization that we have embarked on; all this is the content we, the Mapuche, write about from who we are. And it is not that we set out to break stereotypes, it is that life always overflows.

 

ET: In “Letters Drawn from Foye Bark,” Adriana Paredes Pinda mentions that “Poetry has ngen.” She defines ngen as “the principle (master/mistress) of self-balance and self-preservation, which allows for all things to exist.” How does ngen possess poetry or, more broadly, how do such concepts and their spiritual connotations influence writers, and how does their writing, in turn, alter the ways of understanding and being in the world of its readers? Is poetry a faith—faith that words have souls, souls who protect life?

LA: Sometimes, only a few times, while immersed in the writing process, I enter a trance state—it is a depth I reach by gathering written words in a phrase, grasping an idea, an emotion, a feeling.

Then, I can think there is something new, something that can change the readers, that they won’t emerge immune.

All of us for whom words are the material of art have faith in the soul of language.

I think metaphorically about the souls of written words, but as I have participated in readings in which writers read their texts aloud in their Indigenous languages, I have listened to the souls of their languages in those small gusts, in the breath that emits those words, in the cadence and rhythm of their saying. The sounds of the soul in the language of each poet.

The texts gathered here share a faith, above all, in the heard language, the words pronounced by the beloved ancestors that are now the material of writing.

In Recado confidencial a los chilenos (Message to Chileans), Elicura Chihuailaf writes, “el impulso constante de la Palabra intentando asir lo hasta ahora innombrado” (the Word’s constant impulse to grasp what is to this day unnamed). Faith in Kallfü or Blue, which the poet insists on in the text selected for this issue, as in all his creations, supplies that word with a sacredness that helps grasp the unnamable.

Adriana Paredes Pinda’s disquieting text admits us into a dimension in which she receives a dream name and the mandate to write. In the context of that dimension, she risks writing this statement: “Poetry has ngen, song has ngen, Mapuche writing has ngen (…) And it has ngen because it is writing with spirit.”

“I write for the children who had the Mapudungun silenced in their mouths in civilizing, evangelical schools,” I denounced with faith while reading in silence and out loud, from my limited condition as a human being because I’m not ñamko nor nawuel, sent from another dimension to help my people.

“I heard it, because of that I became knowledgeable.” Daniela Catrileo rescues these words by Kallfün when she stresses the names of the Mapuche authors previously considered “informants” by social scientists who stripped their knowledge of authorship.

“I remember out loud the names / of the places where my grandparents lived,” beautiful names whose sonority is prompted by Jaime Huenún when he evokes his grandmother’s sayings and says to himself, “I must go.”


1. Indigenismo is a cyclical movement that seeks to constitute a heterogenous yet singular Latin American canon. Indigenous peoples are assimilated as component and foundation of a national and continental identity, thus reflecting cultural heterogeneity while reproducing colonial paradigms.


Copyright © 2023 by Elisa Taber and Liliana Ancalao. Translation © 2023 by Elisa Taber. All rights reserved.

Yo, Elisa Taber, entrevisté a Liliana Ancalao por correspondencia vía mail desde Mayo a Julio del 2022. Esta entrevista es la culminación de múltiples conversaciones informales por Zoom a lo largo de un año, mientras coeditábamos este número de la revista Words Without Borders dedicado al Ensayo Lírico Mapuche.

Espero que ustedes, los lectores, enmienden la violencia que la escritura inflige al habla al caer en un silencio reverencial ante el peso y la belleza de las palabras de Liliana. El hilo conductor de las palabras de Liliana, Elicura Chihuailaf, Adriana Paredes Pinda, Daniela Catrileo y Jaime Huenún da puntadas que sanan la herida abierta que es el genocidio del pueblo Mapuche “del cual no se han hecho cargo ni la historiografía oficial, ni los enriquecidos con el despojo, con el agravante de que se sigue ocultando hasta nuestros días”.

Nos conocimos en persona por primera vez en el Aeroparque Internacional Jorge Newbery el 27 de agosto del 2022. Nuestro color de pelo nos delato, el suyo plateado y el mío rojo. Liliana viajaba de Resistencia, donde participo del 27° Foro Internacional por el Fomento del Libro y la Lectura, a Comodoro Rivadavia, donde vive. Fue un hermoso encuentro “presencial” en el que las palabras iban y venían, vivas.

Elisa Taber (ET): ¿De qué manera los escritos que reunimos rebalsan el género del ensayo lírico y, en términos más generales, la disciplina de la literatura? ¿Este rebalse nace de una escritura que creció junto a la oralidad de los antiguos?

Liliana Ancalao (LA): Algunos de estos textos se acercan a lo que podríamos definir desde categorías occidentales como ensayos, otros son poemas y prosas poéticas y hay más lirismo en unos que en otros.

Los autores convocados somos poetas, insumisos, parte de un pueblo que problematiza las imposiciones culturales, entre ellas, la de los géneros literarios. Preferiría definir estos textos como Escritos por gente “pensada”, usando la expresión de Jaime Huenún en “Reducciones”. Y de esta manera abarcar cada unidad de esta selección.

Pensamos las escrituras que estamos haciendo hoy. Reflexionamos en torno a la poesía, que es preguntarse por uno mismo, quién se es dentro de un pueblo, de su lengua, de su existencia hoy. Quién se es dentro de un territorio y la diversidad de sus vidas.

Lo que escribimos se sustenta en nuestro küpalme, nuestro origen familiar, nuestros parientes a los que nombramos insistentemente. Agregamos a este küpalme a nuestros maestros en la escritura.

Lo que escribimos se sustenta en nuestro tuwün, nuestro origen territorial, nuestros pares en existencia a los que nombramos insistentemente: los ríos los árboles los pájaros las piedras.

ET: En “Para que drene esta memoria”, publicado en este número de Words without Borders, describís por qué escribís, y en “El idioma silenciado”, publicado en Latin American Literature Today, describís  la historia de colonización lingüística del mapudungún.

En este número los contribuidores encaran la escritura entre idiomas de diferentes maneras: vos y Elicura Chihuailaf escribieron en español y se autotradujeron al mapudungún, Adriana Paredes Pinda escribió alternando entre el español y el mapudungún y Daniela Catrileo y Jaime Huenún escribieron en español.

¿De qué manera la historia de colonización lingüística influencia la forma y contenido de tu escritura y la de los otros contribuidores? ¿La traducción literaria se vuelve traducción cultural al escribir entre un mundo lingüístico indígena (el mapudungún) y un mundo lingüístico colonial (el español)? ¿Y qué expresan los términos en mapudungún sin traducir en los cinco textos sobre el límite de la colonización lingüística?

LA: Traducir el mundo indígena a un mundo colonial es una tarea portentosa, es una tarea que venimos haciendo aún antes de que los académicos hablaran de “descolonización”. Primero reencontrarnos con nosotros mismos (algo parecido a descolonizarnos). Hacer un camino de regreso al origen, que implica entre otras cosas: revisar nuestra historia cultural y seguir preguntándonos qué objetos, existencias, conceptos, fueron impuestos a nuestro pueblo y cuáles fueron bienvenidos e ingresados a través del intercambio con los otros.

Mostrar a la Argentina y al Chile “profundo”, (retomando este adjetivo que usa Elicura Chihuailaf para referirse a quienes por humanismo puedan sentirse interpelados) nuestra herida abierta, el genocidio del cual no se han hecho cargo ni la historiografía oficial, ni los enriquecidos con el despojo, con el agravante de que se sigue ocultando hasta nuestros días.

Porque, ¿qué relación de diálogo entre pares, que eso también es una traducción, puede propiciarse entre los pueblos y culturas cuando no se habla de lo que es necesario hablar?

Nuestro modo de ver el mundo es del hemisferio sur, un mundo experimentado y nombrado desde este lugar que es el principio de nuestro mundo. El conocimiento de este mundo fue subtitulado, censurado y sustituido por otro conocimiento, venido del hemisferio norte, extraño a este territorio, tal como lo expreso en ese texto que referencias, “El idioma silenciado”.

En el mapudungún, el idioma de la tierra, está nuestro conocimiento, el mapuche kimün. El kuifi kimün y el we kimün, el saber antiguo y  el saber nuevo, a éste último aportamos los escritores, cuando arriesgamos significados, desde nuestra contemporaneidad, cuando resignificamos conceptos.

No hay negación de traducir al mapudungún lo que escribimos en castellano, muchos de los escritores mapuches cargamos con la tremenda herida que es desconocer nuestra lengua materna-paterna, porque nos negaron esa herencia. Aunque también somos parte de un pueblo que hace enormes esfuerzos por revitalizarla.

En los textos que presentamos en esta edición, se dan distintas circunstancias de traducción que tienen que ver, creo yo, con el estilo del autor, con el dominio que tiene o va adquiriendo del mapudungún, con las decisiones que ha tomado o va tomando en su trayectoria de escritura.

Es interesante detenerse en la escritura en castellano, o en la traducción al inglés de la misma: cuando aparece allí una palabra o una frase en mapudungún, es porque es de difícil o complicada traducción, y, es muy probable que se necesite en este punto una traducción cultural. En general se pone la palabra o frase en mapudungún y a continuación se ensaya una aproximación que pueda ser entendida por el mundo occidental, pero es eso: una aproximación.

Hay textos en los que se explicita un conocimiento propio del mundo mapuche sólo en idioma castellano, el resultado es poético y al mismo tiempo es un guiño para quienes sabemos a qué se refiere.

Hay conceptos culturales mapuche que se vienen difundiendo desde hace años, dentro y fuera de nuestro pueblo como, por ejemplo, el de Itxofill mogen, la diversidad de las existencias, lo encontrarán también en estos textos.

ET: Lo que decís sobre la poesía y los conceptos intraducibles, me lleva a entender los textos acá reunidos como poemas conceptuales. En cuanto a lo conceptual comparten otra forma de entender este mundo y de corregir la historia. En cuanto a lo poético comparten la posibilidad de habitar otro mundo, el del misterio, lo que no se puede entender pero si poetizar y mitificar. ¿Por qué se entrelaza el mundo poético y filosófico? ¿De qué manera los escritores son transformado por su escritura y buscan transformar a sus lectores? ¿De qué manera la poesía, la sensibilidad que te enseña a escuchar y respetar el silencio y el misterio, te ayuda a vivir?

LA: Escribimos desde un “nosotros”, como parte de un pueblo; y escribimos como contemporáneos de la humanidad.

En el camino de regreso al origen vamos recuperando, desde diversas fuentes, algo del conocimiento antiguo (mucho, tal vez, permanecerá incógnito). Escuchamos las memorias recientes que aún circulan desde la oralidad. Y vivimos los procesos actuales de resistencia al avance sobre nuestros territorios. Con esta carga y este tesoro, escribimos. A riesgo de recibir la crítica de los “puristas” de nuestro pueblo, al decir de la machi Pinda.

Hay un intento de entender el por qué no sabemos lo que deberíamos saber, por qué estamos enfermos, por qué tenemos que dar explicaciones sobre nuestro existir hoy. Nos tenemos como lectores a nosotros mismos y a los otros. Nos transformamos al escribir porque la nuestra es una escritura de la identidad, y nuestros procesos identitarios personales van quedando registrados en nuestras obras.

Y, sobre todo, en textos “pensados”, como los que hemos seleccionado para esta publicación, tenemos la intención de transformar al lector, que el lector sepa de nosotros, de nuestra continuidad histórica y cultural.

No hay silencio ni misterio, por lo menos en estos textos, que no puedan develarse con un acercamiento a conocer nuestra cultura. Tampoco podemos definir como mitos o leyendas a nuestras narraciones, sí como historias “gutxam” que surgen en la conversación, testimonios de lo vivido.

En el mapuche kimün encuentro una vinculación con la Filosofía occidental antigua, la que era considerada como madre de todas las ciencias. Porque hay relación e interdependencia entre el Conocimiento de uno mismo, la Salud, la Espiritualidad, la Convivencia con todos los seres, el Respeto por las fuerzas de la Naturaleza.

Ojalá sean lawen nuestros escritos, que ayuden a la restauración de nuestra herida.

ET: ¿Cómo se protege el tesoro del mapuche kimün a la vez que se comparte? 

LA: Desde el estado del lado Puel, es decir desde Argentina, no hay un resguardo del mapuche kimün en la medida en que no se protege a los ancianos portadores del saber. Tal vez, un reconocimiento con algún tipo de asistencia económica, permitiría a los kimche/sabios abocarse a la tarea de la trasmisión cultural en contextos actuales.

Por el momento, el conocimiento circula al interior de las familias y expande su circulación en las ceremonias espirituales como Gillatun o Kamarikum. La participación en dichas ceremonias no es abierta, sino que se asiste invitado. Éste último es un resguardo que tiene que ver con proteger la salud espiritual de los dueños de la ceremonia.

Creo que uno de los conocimientos más importantes es el de la existencia del ser humano como parte del tejido de la naturaleza, y ya ha sido compartido, no sólo desde el pueblo mapuche sino desde todos los pueblos originarios sobrevivientes.

ET: ¿Qué elementos de resistencia previenen la apropiación cultural? 

LA: La resistencia cultural más grande es defender la posibilidad de seguir subsistiendo en los territorios, en los lugares de convivencia cotidiana con lo sagrado, con las Fuerzas de la naturaleza. Los caminos entre el campo y la ciudad son vasos comunicantes que seguimos transitando, uniendo un espacio con el otro.

ET: ¿De qué manera la escritura mapuche revierte la instrumentalización del mestizaje cultural de parte del indigenismo[1] que reproduce paradigmas coloniales?

LA: Escribir los idiomas originarios, adoptar los grafemas occidentales, publicar textos bilingües en la lengua materna-paterna y en la lengua impuesta, son modos revolucionarios de practicar nuestra contemporaneidad, y me refiero aquí a la acción de los escritores de los distintos pueblos originarios de Abya Yala.

Nos hemos salido tanto de los moldes propuestos por los museos, como del discurso de la historiografía oficial que nos daba por muertos.

Nuestra historicidad que reúne memorias ancestrales y memorias recientes, nuestra presencia en las ciudades, nuestra denuncia del silenciamiento de nuestra lengua, los procesos de revitalización del mapudungún en los que estamos embarcados; todo es contenido de lo que escribimos los mapuche desde quienes somos. Y no es que nos propongamos romper los estereotipos, es que la vida siempre los rebalsa.

ET: En “Letras catadas en cortezas de canelo”, Pinda menciona que “La poesía tiene ngen”. Ella define el ngen “como el principio dueño(a) del auto equilibrio y auto preservación, que permite que todo exista”. ¿Podrías describir cómo el ngen posee la poesía o, en términos más amplios, cómo tales conceptos y sus connotaciones espirituales influencian a los escritores, y cómo, a su vez, esa escritura transforma la manera de entender y ser en el mundo de sus lectores? ¿La poesía es una fe, fe en que las palabras tienen almas, almas que protegen la vida?

LA: Algunas veces, pocas, mientras estoy inmersa en el proceso de la escritura, entro en un estado al que podría llamar de trance, es una hondura que logro con las palabras escritas reunidas en una frase, sosteniendo una idea, una emoción, una sensación.

Entonces puedo pensar que allí hay algo nuevo, algo que puede modificar al lector, que el mismo no saldrá inmune.

Todos los que usamos las palabras como material del arte tenemos una fe en el ánima del lenguaje

Metafóricamente puedo pensar en el alma de las palabras escritas, pero como también he sido parte de recitales en los que los escritores leen en voz alta sus textos, en sus idiomas originarios, he podido escuchar el alma de su lengua en esos vientitos, en el soplo de la emisión de las palabras, en la cadencia y el ritmo de su decir. Los sonidos del alma en la lengua de cada poeta.

En los textos aquí reunidos hay una fe, sobre todo, en el lenguaje que ha sido escuchado, las palabras pronunciadas por los amados ancestros que ahora son material del escrito.

 En Recado confidencial a los chilenos escribe Elicura Chihuailaf “el impulso constante de la Palabra intentando asir lo hasta ahora innombrado” (pág. 68). Hay una fe en la palabra Kallfü/Azul, con la que el poeta insiste en el texto seleccionado en esta ocasión como en cada una de sus creaciones, dotándola de una sacralidad que ayuda a asir lo innombrado.

Adriana Paredes Pinda con su inquietante escrito nos ingresa a una dimensión en la que se le entrega un nombre en sueños y en la que recibe el mandato de escribir, situada en esa dimensión arriesga esta afirmación, “La poesía tiene ngen, el canto tiene ngen, la escritura mapuche tiene ngen ( . . . ) Y lo tiene porque es una escritura con espíritu”.

“Escribo por los niños a los que silenciaron el mapudungún de sus bocas en las escuelas civilizadoras y evangelizadoras” denuncié con fe en la lectura silenciosa y en la lectura en voz alta, en ambos idiomas, desde mi limitada condición humana porque no soy ñamko ni nawuel, enviados desde otra dimensión para ayudar a mi gente.

“Lo oí, por eso tengo conocimiento” rescata estas palabras de Kallfün, Daniela Catrileo cuando resalta los nombres de los autores mapuche, antes, considerados “informantes”.

“Recuerdo en voz alta los nombres/de los sitios que habitaron mis abuelos” bellos nombres que desde su sonoridad provocan a Jaime Luis Huenun cuando evoca los dichos de su abuela y se dice a sí mismo “he de ir”.

 

[1] Entiendo por indigenismo el movimiento cíclico para constituir un canon continental latinoamericano heterogéneo y a la vez singular. Originó en el siglo dieciocho y es mejor conocido por su manifestación durante el boom latinoamericano. Los pueblos indígenas son asimilados como componentes y fundamento de una identidad nacional y continental, así, reflejando la heterogeneidad cultural y a la vez reproduciendo paradigmas coloniales (Cornejo-Polar, 1978: 14; Rama, 2008: 15; Ureña, 1960: 247).

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