Dear Jaguar Man,
The Spanish were the first strange men to appear on your jaguar coast, in search of the mythical golden city, El Dorado. It was on April 23, 1594, that one of them hammered a cross into the ground and declared: “In the name of God I claim this land for His Majesty Don Felipe, our lawful overlord!” Those strange visitors would never find El Dorado. But they also wouldn’t leave your country in peace.
After the Spanish came the English, then the French, more English, the Dutch, and finally the English again, until 1674, when they traded Suriname to the Dutch for a city in North America called New Amsterdam.
Your magical, unspoiled kingdom was burned, bulldozed, parceled into squares and rectangles—plantations with names like “Utrecht,” “Marseille,” and “Berlin”—and from then on was known by a new name: the Colony of Suriname. The original inhabitants were driven deep into the rainforest, and hundreds of thousands of African mothers, fathers, grandparents and children were shipped across the ocean, against their will, to plant coffee, cacao, cotton, and sugar.
***
When Suriname became independent in 1975, my father was twenty-one. For three hundred years, the Netherlands had been the center of Suriname’s world. Money earned in Suriname was spent in the Netherlands, which had the universities, the good jobs: opportunity. Surinamers had Dutch citizenship until independence, at which point a five-year grace period of lenient entry requirements went into effect. Between 1975 and 1980, around 300,000 Surinamese—nearly half of the population—seized the opportunity and left for the Netherlands. Among them was my father.
Edgar Cairo, a Black literary hero I had never read before I started my search for you, Jaguar Man, described, in his idiosyncratic, Sranantongo-inflected Dutch, what arriving in the Netherlands must have been like for my father and other Black people like him:
Couldn’t even use the sole of his foot at Schiphol to test the temperature of Holland’s frozen soil. Let alone take some big windmill footsteps [into the country]! Didn’t have a single wooden! clog!! It was gold, real gold from Sipaliwini, or the gold of a medical degree, that could get you into Holland without too much trouble. They needed brains, money and brains.
Once in the Netherlands, Surinamers were housed like refugees in new-arrival centers. A “dispersal policy” prevented them from living anywhere they wanted. In Amsterdam they settled in De Bijlmer; in Rotterdam, it was the Zuid district, or around the corner from where I was born, on West-Kruiskade Street. A newspaper article I found from 1976 gives a sense of how immigrants like my father were received in their new home:
Councilor Elisabeth Schmitz of Social Affairs points out that in the Kruiskade neighborhood, the “Blackest” neighborhood in Rotterdam, a situation has arisen very similar to that of some parts of London or New York: slums, junkies, and criminals. “When I started as a councilperson in September 1974, I had heard of Surinamese people, of course. But that was it. The following year twelve thousand came to Rotterdam. Between four and five hundred a week.”
People talked about my father the way that Dutch newspapers now talk about Syrians and Moroccans. On August 25th, 1975, Het Vrije Volk reported:
When a few young Surinamers got on the tram this week, the driver grabbed the microphone and announced: “Be careful, pickpockets boarding.” For months now, the Kruiskade (“Cross Quay”) has been nicknamed Kroeskade (“Frizzy Quay”).
When a Surinamese mother with five children had company over on Slaghek Street, a mob loomed, made up of people who were positive that at least thirty other Surinamese lived in the building in question.
When a Surinamese man—again on Kruiskade—refused to pay a parking ticket, he and some friends were brutally beaten.
And when a Surinamese person ordered a beer in a Rotterdam eating establishment, his patience was tested. Just a minute, man, I’m busy.
I also found, in an old issue of Panorama from around this time, a photo feature of dark-skinned boys in the Kruiskade, boys just like the boy my father would have been. They wore tight pants and muscle shirts, sunglasses, hats, gold chains, unbuttoned shirts with flowers on them, short leather jackets. If you know history, you will see that they are using one of the foolproof magic spells that helped our forefathers survive history: even with a knife at their throats, they were kings. But maybe the most important magic word was missing from that spell. Not one of the boys was laughing. They looked angrily, menacingly into the camera. Did the photographer ask them to? Looking at the photo now, I see, in the eyes of the only boy without sunglasses, exhaustion, fragility, and sadness: an invitation to regard him as a human being, to see that the way these kids acted was not indicative of who they really were.
This was the part my father was cast to play in the Netherlands. Every time someone looked at him on the tram, from behind a counter, or on the street, their gaze said: you shouldn’t be here. In another world, in another country, in another time, he could have become a writer, a professor, a priest, a magician, an adventurer. But in this world, in this country, at this time, the role for him to play was the criminal, the threat, the riffraff, the crook, a middle finger to the Dutch people, what would be called in Sranantango a wakaman: a vagrant. He did what we had always done to survive: he became what the story wanted him to be, he accepted the part. And he hid his magic within.
***
At the same time, there were also Surinamese people who didn’t bend under the weight, who raised their voices to tell the real story, with all the richness, depth, and power that it held, who wrote about where we came from, what we had survived to be here, and what the world could learn from our story. There were not a few of these people; there were many. Writers like Edgar Cairo, Anil Ramdas, Ellen Ombre, Henna Goudzand. And of course Astrid Roemer:
My child, there is a history that will never be written, because people say some of its facts are too disheartening to the nation. Our nation is just emerging; it is too young to let these parts go missing from its annals. A hundred thousand testimonials from people who perished in battle.
The fight for their country. The fight for their people, the fight for their faith, the fight for their party, the fight for their family, the fight for their self-preservation. So, I ask you: don’t be afraid to read carefully what is etched on the crosses that adorn our cemeteries. Remember the names and dates and try to understand the epitaphs. Then erect in your heart a memorial to these heroes.
In high school their names were never mentioned. If the subject was slavery, it was the United States we were talking about. We learned about Martin Luther King, Jr., Malcolm X, Rosa Parks, Muhammad Ali; we watched The Color Purple, read James Baldwin and Maya Angelou. North American history was full of Black writers, thinkers, heroes. People who were known all over the world, because everyone understood there was something to be learned from them. If my father had been American, I could have felt like a part of all that, even if he himself wasn’t a hero. But when I thought about Suriname, I didn’t get any further than Dési Bouterse and salted-meat sandwiches. I knew about as much about Suriname as a typical Dutch person: almost nothing. And nothing that could make me proud to be half-Surinamese. I didn’t know I could walk in the footsteps of heroes. I only began to understand it when I went looking for exactly the thing my father told me to ignore.
“You dove straight into academic life when you arrived in Amsterdam at nineteen,” Anil Ramdas wrote, addressing himself, in his 2006 “Letter to a Younger Me”:
You went on to graduate with honors—didn’t you—and do you remember why? When you received your Kandidaatsdiploma, the professor opened the dossier and said: “In less than three years, hm. Congratulations.” Later you heard from a teacher friend that the professor saw your name on the folder before you arrived and said: “Surinamese? Will probably amount to nothing.” For me that was it; this was no longer just about me, it was about all Surinamers, it was about the dignity of our homeland, and you sat for an exam one more time because you had only received seven out of ten the first time.
When I do come across the works of Anil, Astrid, or Edgar in passing, they have been on their own shelf. They are rarely listed under “Dutch literature.” It is as if their books are about something less than being human, or, as Astrid Roemer put it, “the right of every person to be allowed to exist.”
Leo Ferrier fell into a deep depression. Edgar Cairo developed psychosis. Anil Ramdas died by suicide. Astrid Roemer disappeared without a trace for years, and my friend Iwan Brave moved back to Paramaribo. I don’t think that’s just because of the Dutch. It’s true that the Dutch public failed to listen, but at the same time, Surinamers urged each other to keep quiet. Ellen Ombre’s story “With the Best Intentions” explores this silence. The protagonists’ parents tell the young girl:
“We are going to the Netherlands for your education. But don’t forget: education is not civilization. Civilization means that you know how to act right, so you can blend in with your environment anytime, anywhere.” It was about adapting constantly and being as inconspicuous as possible.
It was dangerous to use your voice. The tactic was to keep quiet, to leave the past where it was. Underground, buried, and cursed, where no one could find it, so deep that we forgot that the past is also where our light was.
Excerpt taken from Jaguarman, © 2020 by Raoul de Jong. Translation © 2024 by Jake Goldwasser. All rights reserved.