Translator’s Note
Trương Vũ structures “The Rain in Weicheng” as an imaginary talk to Vietnamese American students who might have a hard time deciding between a creative path and a more pragmatic or lucrative career. The essay illustrates his diverse background, as a soldier, high school math teacher, refugee, NASA scientist, and literary editor, spanning the Vietnam War period and his resettlement in the United States following his escape by boat from postwar Vietnam. Its elegiac quality also gives the reader a comprehensive feel for the cultural climate of middle- and upper-middle-class South Vietnamese intellectuals before the fall of Saigon. Born in 1941, Trương Vũ was given an education steeped in twentieth-century European literature and Tang poetry that may seem “classical” in today’s cultural milieu. At the same time, and perhaps due to his scientific background, he displays a warm, avuncular tone in his essay that strives to transcend space and time.
The English title, “The Rain in Weicheng,” alludes to “Morning Rain in Weicheng,” a poem by Wang Wei that Trương Vũ mentions in the essay, as well as the rain on the island where he reported for compulsory military duty during the war in Vietnam, and “The Rain in Spain,” a song sung by Julie Andrews in the 1957 theatrical production of My Fair Lady. While Eliza Doolittle couldn’t “speak” before being taught by Professor Higgins, Trương Vũ, as a postcolonial subject, illustrates how he actively adapts his reading of translated literature to his personal and historical circumstances. At the same time, his reference to Wang Wei reflects his traditional Asian upbringing. For him, speaking about Wang Wei—a famed statesman, landscape artist, poet, and Buddhist philosopher during China’s Tang Dynasty—is also a way to talk about himself, without appearing too “proud” or “subjective.”
—Thuy Dinh
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Nearly three decades ago, I began to participate regularly in overseas Vietnamese literary activities while working full-time at NASA. I collaborated with Professor Wayne Karlin at St. Mary’s College of Maryland on the Vietnam War anthology The Other Side of Heaven, and with Professor Huỳnh Sanh Thông at Yale University in curating articles for The Vietnam Review. I also wrote articles for numerous diasporic Vietnamese literary magazines and gave presentations at various college seminars and workshops. Such active participation may seem rather unusual, as literature isn’t a field where I received extensive training. Back in high school, my friends all agreed I was a very mediocre student when it came to literature. For most of my life, I never had the idea of becoming a writer or a literature professor.
One day, at a summer writers’ workshop held at St. Mary’s, a young writer asked me for advice. She loved literature and had written a lot of short stories, but was struggling to decide if she should devote her life to literature or choose a stable career while pursuing literary activities on the side. Unfortunately, I couldn’t help her that day because I had no experience in having to choose between my career and my livelihood. At the time, my answer to her was quite vague, and this has gnawed at me ever since.
While literature has always held a special place in my life, it did not propel me toward a creative path, although sometimes, because of what I have written, people in the literary world call me a writer. So now, based on my interaction with this young writer, I’d like to share what I can from my own experience.
I believe that all of us experience reverberations from some seminal event in our lives. Such an event could be a shocking revelation or a fleeting image, a dream fragment, a smile, someone’s tears . . . An echo from either this seismic epiphany or some evanescent memory will somehow shift our worldview. A poem or a book read at some point in our lives can also have this impact—and this was the case for me.
Nearly sixty years ago, after completing my military training at Thủ Đức Infantry School, I had to report to my assigned unit on a remote island in South Vietnam. It was drizzling on the morning of my official assignment. To reach our unit’s encampment, my friend and I had to carry our backpacks up a hill, on which stood a small café. We went in for coffee and sat there for quite a while because by then the rain was coming down rather heavily. While not that far away, our camp couldn’t be seen through the torrential rain. We lit our cigarettes, and suddenly I recalled a poem by Wang Wei and started to recite it. Smiling, my friend remained silent while exhaling smoke, his gaze tracking the raindrops falling from the tin roof onto the steps outside the café.
Although I had taught for a while before being mobilized, I was barely twenty-six at that time. My friend, who was the same age, and I were both married with young children back home. The poem I declaimed to him was “Wei Cheng Qu” (渭城曲) by Wang Wei:
渭城朝雨浥輕塵
客舍青青柳色新
勸君更盡一杯酒
西出陽關無故人
Rendered in Sino-Vietnamese as:
Vị Thành triêu vũ ấp khinh trần
Khách xa thanh thanh liễu sắc tân
Khuyến quân cánh tận nhất bôi tửu
Tây xuất Dương Quan vô cố nhân
And into vernacular Vietnamese, via six-eight rhyming couplets, by the writer and poet Ngô Tất Tố:
Trời mai mưa ướt Vị Thành
Xanh xanh trước quán mấy nhành liễu non
Khuyên chàng hãy cạn chén son
Dương Quan đến đó không còn ai quen
Into English:
Morning Rain in Weicheng *
Morning rain in Weicheng makes cobwebs shimmer
Willow branches at the inn are freshly green
Let’s drink our wine to the dregs
There’re no friendly faces west of the border[*Thuy Dinh’s composite translation from vernacular Vietnamese renderings]
This poem has always resonated with me. The image of the willow branches, green as jade, in the rain-soaked city, is a timeless reminder of both the freshness of nature and the impermanence of human connections. Knowing that Wang Wei was a landscape painter as well as a poet, I also imagine how he would paint this scene in softly rendered black ink, as if conjuring a dream. The speaker’s gender and relationship to the other person in the poem are ambiguous—the two could be lovers, or close friends. The speaker urges their companion to finish the last cup of wine before they both depart—one of them is on their way to a distant, unknown place, from which the prospect of return is uncertain.
This is neither Wang Wei’s best poem nor the best example of Tang poetry. Some of you might even react indifferently to it. But I’m always deeply touched whenever I read it aloud. I first read it in Nguyễn Hiến Lê’s Introduction to Chinese Literary History when I was in high school, living in my family home near the coast of Nha Trang, where I’d lived my entire childhood. That poem, that time, that place, with the emotions of that moment, I thought I’d forgotten, but I hadn’t. And while life in the military did change me, the most fundamental change at the time actually came from that poem.
For a time I was a patrol officer on that island in the Gulf of Thailand—a penal colony for political prisoners and Vietcong suspects—where my troop encamped. One evening it was again pouring rain, and when my shift was over, I stopped by the tent of an old sergeant for a cup of coffee. T., the next officer on duty, was also there drinking coffee. T. had taught French before being mobilized. As we chatted, T. suddenly started talking about popular French novels like Bonjour Tristesse and Un Certain Sourire by Françoise Sagan, then went on to discuss the writers he’d studied in high school, such as Alphonse Daudet and Anatole France, and Vietnamese poets such as Nguyễn Du and Bùi Giáng, then proceeded to Sartre, Camus, etc. We talked enthusiastically, the old sergeant quietly refilling our cups and smiling indulgently at us. Before heading off to his shift, T said to me, “We’re . . . à la recherche de la jeunesse perdue!” At the time we both felt old, jaded, our lives uncertain and illusory as those prisoners that we were tasked to watch over. Now, every time I think back on this memory, I find our attitude naïvely solipsistic, even comical.
The conversations like the one we had in the old sergeant’s tent helped us feel less homesick, less fearful, and less bored during those rainy days on the island. And at the time, although I always liked to talk about my lost youth, it was through these literary conversations that I felt my real youth surge with a fierce vitality. I would look forward to the days to come, when I would cease fighting and return to civilian life. I dreamed I would live differently, look at life differently. And, indeed, when I returned to civilian life, while I continued to teach math, I had become a different person.
In textbooks and academic research, there may be a dividing line between mathematics and literature, but in each person, this line can be rather fuzzy, tenuous. When learning about the lives of mathematicians, I was most impressed by a genius whose brief and eventful life could make for a wonderful literary work. A genius who lived life to the fullest for mathematics, humanitarian ideals, and romance. I’m talking about Evariste Galois.
Galois was born on October 25, 1811, in Bourg-la-Reine, France. At the age of fourteen, he had already formed new and sophisticated mathematics concepts. By nineteen, he had published important works that laid the foundation for Galois Theory and Group Theory in abstract algebra. While engrossed in his mathematical discoveries, Galois also participated in French politics, fighting for the French Republic by leading the protest against King Louis Philippe, and as a result was imprisoned for six months. In prison, Galois continued with his mathematical works. He was released in April 1832, but shortly thereafter agreed to participate in a duel to defend the honor of his beloved, Stephanie-Felice du Motel. On the night before the duel, knowing he would die, he stayed up all night to complete his mathematical works. Early the next morning, he was shot in the stomach by his opponent. All those who witnessed the event left the scene, leaving him bleeding and alone. At ten o’clock that day, a farmer came by and took him to a nearby hospital. Only his younger brother, Alfred, came to see him before he expired. The last thing Galois said to his brother was, “Don’t cry, Alfred! I need the courage to die at twenty.”
One hundred and forty years after Galois’s death, in Nha Trang, I began teaching his Group Theory to my students. The French curriculum had introduced this theory in the final year of high school math a few years earlier, but our Vietnamese high school curriculum had not officially adopted it.
I am no genius like Galois, of course, but mathematics has had a profound impact on my life. It has been of great help to me in other fields, such as nuclear physics, electrical engineering, and aerospace engineering, to which I devoted much of my professional life. However, what I want to share with you here is how the spirit of mathematics, and especially its need for answers, has helped me access literature in an integrated way. Let me tell you a story.
When I was in high school, I read “A Sonata,” the Vietnamese rendering of Leo Tolstoy’s novella by the writer Trương Bảo Sơn, probably from a French translation. I was completely captivated by this tragic story that involves a married couple. Suspecting that his wife is having an affair with her music teacher, a wealthy nobleman commits murder in a fit of jealousy. While I very much enjoyed reading Trương Bảo Sơn’s fine Vietnamese translation, I always wondered why he had picked the generic title “A Sonata,” because, later, after reading the French translation “La Sonate à Kreutzer,” I suspected that Tolstoy was very deliberate in using the title of a Beethoven sonata, “The Kreutzer Sonata,” as the title for his novella. I surmised that, for Tolstoy, this exact piece of music, this sonata by Beethoven, contributes to the married couple’s tragedy. But I wasn’t quite sure, because at the time I’d never heard the Kreutzer Sonata.
More than twenty years later, while living in Philadelphia, I visited the city’s public library one day. By chance, I saw the English translation of Tolstoy’s story, “The Kreutzer Sonata,” and remembered my old hunch. I went into the library’s music listening room and asked to hear this sonata. The performance I heard was by Arthur Rubinstein and Henryk Szeryng, the former on piano and the latter on violin. I listened to it over and over again. The piano and violin played together masterfully, eloquently, passionately, making my heart ache with both empathy and dread. I could picture the concert in the nobleman’s house. I could imagine the nobleman sitting there watching his wife and the music teacher play with great passion, as if there was no one else around. While fabulously rich, the nobleman had little music or poetry in him. He watched his wife playing the piano and the teacher playing the violin, pouring their hearts and souls into it, the two strands of music intertwining in a fierce, poignant way. But the husband imagined a different, more carnal scene. His heart was pounding, but he kept his emotions in check. After the performance, still maintaining his impeccable aristocratic manners, he smiled and complimented his wife. A short time later, the tragedy occurred.
I now believe I understand Tolstoy’s intention in choosing this sonata as the title of his novella, and that my initial hunch was correct. But, really, right or wrong doesn’t matter. What matters is that it was this very question that ultimately brought me joy, the serendipity of hearing a wonderful sonata.
Beyond Tolstoy, my understanding of Russian literature was quite limited during my school days. Later on, by chance, I read Anton Chekhov in an English translation and became very fond of his works, especially his plays. My appreciation of Three Sisters in particular led to my attending its performance at the Studio Theatre in Arlington, Virginia. The central characters in the play are three sisters and a brother. In their youth, they lived in Moscow, but moved away when they got older. That night, having returned home after the play, I recalled most vividly the lines Irina speaks to her elder sister: “Sister Olga, I will marry the Baron. I will return to Moscow. We will return to Moscow.”
These lines took me back to another evening, long ago, in the lecture hall of Maritime University on Yersin Street, in the port city of Nha Trang, Vietnam. That evening, my friend Professor Bửu Ý was giving a lecture during which Dương Đề, a student in the Sino-Vietnamese Literature program, was chosen to introduce and perform select scenes from a student play. Dương Đề’s lines for each scene always ended with the phrase “Tomorrow I will return to Saigon.” Many years have passed since then, and Bửu Ý’s avant-garde vision for “literature on the stage” has been lost, but I still remember quite clearly Dương Đề’s expression as he spoke those words on stage.
Many lost things still leave deep marks on my heart. I think of The Bridge on the Drina by the Yugoslav writer Ivo Andrić, the 1961 Nobel Prize winner in Literature. The novel is set in the Bosnian city of Visegrad from the sixteenth century onward. This was a place that often witnessed brutal conflicts between the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian Empires. In the novel, to prevent the growth of Christianity, the Ottomans organized the kidnapping of children from Christian families and took them to the Ottoman-controlled area on the other side of the Drina River. The children were then converted to Islam and raised as Ottomans. Mothers whose children were snatched from them would chase the kidnappers to the bank of the river, then stop and stare blankly at the ferry carrying their children to the other side. At that time, the ferry was the only means of crossing the river. On the other side was the territory of the Ottoman Empire.
When I first came to America, the rest of my family was still in Vietnam. The image of mothers standing bewildered and bereft on this side of the Drina River had always haunted me. There were many nights when I dreamed that I was out with my children, we would be sitting down to eat and having a good time, then I would look up and realize they had all disappeared. Such nightmares plagued my sleep for years, long after I had reunited with my family. Thus I empathize with Mehmed-Paša Sokolović, Ivo Andrić’s Grand Vizier. He was one of the children kidnapped across the Drina River and adopted by a wealthy Ottoman family, converted to Islam, and given a new name. Growing up, he rose through the ranks due to his innate talents, eventually reaching the pinnacle of power. For the Grand Vizier, the childhood memory of being taken across the river often seemed like a distant dream. However, it was said he frequently experienced heart palpitations. During one of these arrhythmic episodes, he made the momentous decision to construct a bridge over the Drina. The construction began in 1566 and was completed five years later. Since then, the bridge, along with the river, has witnessed countless transformations, countless tragedies and comedies, countless destructions and reconstructions.
Earlier, I mentioned Bửu Ý’s presentation in a lecture hall at Maritime University in Nha Trang. It was in that very lecture hall that another friend, the poet Huy Tưởng, told a story that I would like to share here.
One beautiful evening, a god flew over a river and came upon a young woman bathing under the moonlight. Not knowing anything about human experience, this god surmised that the bathing scene might be considered aesthetically pleasing. Since he wanted to learn more, he decided to get closer. Afraid of making a loud noise and frightening the young woman, he turned into a mouse and quietly approached her. However, as a mouse, he only cared about the food scraps on the riverbank, and not a whit about the beautiful woman bathing in the river. Failure. He then transformed into many other forms, including of a young, handsome, and powerful emperor. But, as an emperor, he only wanted to capture the woman and put her in his palace harem. Another failure, and many more followed. Finally, he decided to turn into a poet. The poet saw the young woman’s natural grace, and the shimmering vision of her skin blending with the moonlight on the water. The god, in impersonating a mortal poet, finally succeeded in understanding transcendent beauty!
Huy Tưởng my friend, if you’re reading these lines, please don’t laugh. Of course I’ve told your story truthfully, but slanting it to my purposes. Anyway, I just want to borrow this story to make a larger point.
Bring literature into your life! Whether you write poetry or prose, or nothing at all, approach life with the soul of a poet. You will find life more beautiful. You will find people more beautiful. Of course, you can still write poetry or prose without viewing life through a poet’s eyes. But that’s another story.
When I mention Visegrad, where there is a bridge over the Drina River, I also think of Nha Trang, where I lived my entire childhood. Like many people, I wish sometimes that I could recapture my youth. To go back to the days when my parents were still alive, when all my siblings were still alive, and when my innocence was still intact. This, of course, is just a dream. Fortunately, besides those things that are no more, there are things that still exist, like the rivers that flow through my city to meet the sea. One morning, I too followed one of these rivers out to sea.
A long time ago, I made a promise to the rivers, the sea, and my loved ones that I would return. And I have fulfilled this promise. Looking back, I appreciate the ebb and flow of my peripatetic life, which brings to mind the following lines from the poet Hải Phương, an old friend of mine from Nha Trang:
I thank you, Ocean
Your boundless, mighty waves
a promise of convergence
to hundreds of estuaries
Copyright © by Trương Vũ. Translation copyright © 2025 by Thuy Dinh. All rights reserved.